A puzzle is a game, Problem solving, or toy that tests a person's ingenuity or knowledge. In a puzzle, the solver is expected to put pieces together (or take them apart) in a logical way, in order to find the solution of the puzzle. There are different genres of puzzles, such as Crosswords, word-search puzzles, number puzzles, relational puzzles, and logic puzzles. The academic study of puzzles is called enigmatology.
Puzzles are often created to be a form of entertainment but they can also arise from serious mathematical or logical problems. In such cases, their solution may be a significant contribution to mathematical research.[Kendall G.; Parkes A.; and Spoerer K. (2008) A Survey of NP-Complete Puzzles, International Computer Games Association Journal, 31(1), pp 13–34.]
Etymology
The
Oxford English Dictionary dates the word
puzzle (as a
verb) to the 16th century. Its earliest use documented in the
OED was in a book titled
The Voyage of Robert Dudley...to the West Indies, 1594–95, narrated by Capt. Wyatt, by himself, and by Abram Kendall, master (published circa 1595). The word later came to be used as a
noun, first as an
abstract noun meaning 'the state or condition of being puzzled', and later developing the meaning of 'a perplexing problem'. The
OEDs earliest clear citation in the sense of 'a toy that tests the player's ingenuity' is from Sir
Walter Scott's 1814 novel
Waverley, referring to a toy known as a "reel in a bottle".
["puzzle, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2019. Web. 21 January 2020.]
The etymology of the verb puzzle is described by OED as "unknown"; unproven hypotheses regarding its origin include an Old English verb puslian meaning 'pick out', and a derivation of the verb pose.["puzzle, v." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2019. Web. 21 January 2020.]
Categories
Puzzles can be categorized as:
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Lateral thinking puzzles, also called "situation puzzles"
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Mathematical puzzles include the missing square puzzle and many impossible puzzles — puzzles which have no solution, such as the Seven Bridges of Königsberg, the three cups problem, and three utilities problem
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Sangaku (Japanese temple tablets with geometry puzzles)
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A chess problem is a puzzle that uses chess pieces on a chess board. Examples are the knight's tour and the eight queens puzzle.
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Mechanical puzzles or dexterity puzzles such as the Rubik's Cube and Soma cube can be stimulating toys for children or recreational activities for adults.
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combination puzzles like Peg solitaire
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construction puzzles such as
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disentanglement puzzles,
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folding puzzles
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. Puzz 3D is a three-dimensional variant of this type.
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A puzzle box can be used to hide something — jewelry, for instance.
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(also called sliding tile puzzles) such as the 15 Puzzle and Sokoban
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like Tangram
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are puzzles which unite elements of other puzzles.
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Paper-and-pencil puzzles such as Uncle Art's Funland, connect the dots, and
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Also the published by Nikoli: Sudoku, Slitherlink, Kakuro, Fillomino, Hashiwokakero, Heyawake, Hitori, Light Up, Masyu, Number Link, Nurikabe, Ripple Effect, Shikaku, and Kuromasu; takuzu.
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Spot the difference
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like a maze
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Word game, including , , Crossword, Hangman (game), , and Word search. Tabletop and digital word puzzles include Bananagrams, Boggle, Bonza, Dabble, Letterpress (video game), Perquackey, Puzzlage, Quiddler, Ruzzle, Scrabble, Upwords, WordSpot, and Words with Friends. Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show) is a game show centered on a word puzzle.
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Puzzle video games
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Tile-matching video game
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Puzzle-platformer
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Adventure game
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Hidden object game
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Minesweeper
Puzzle solving
Solutions of puzzles often require the recognition of
and the adherence to a particular kind of order. People with a high level of inductive reasoning aptitude may be better at solving such puzzles compared to others. But puzzles based upon
inquiry and discovery may be solved more easily by those with good deduction skills. Deductive reasoning improves with practice. Mathematical puzzles often involve BODMAS.
BODMAS is an acronym which stands for Bracket, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction. In certain regions, PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition and Subtraction) is the synonym of BODMAS. It explains the order of operations to solve an expression. Some mathematical puzzles require top to bottom convention to avoid the
ambiguity in the order of operations. It is an elegantly simple idea that relies, as
sudoku does, on the requirement that numbers appear only once starting from top to bottom as coming along.
Puzzle makers
Puzzle makers are people who make puzzles. In general terms of occupation, a
puzzler or
puzzlist is someone who composes and/or solves puzzles.
Some notable creators of puzzles are:
History of puzzles
The nine linked-rings puzzle, an advanced puzzle device that requires mathematical calculation to solve, was invented in China during the Warring States period (475-221 BCE).
were invented around 1760, when John Spilsbury, a British engraver and
cartographer, mounted a map on a sheet of wood, which he then sawed around the outline of each individual country on the map. He then used the resulting pieces as an aid for the teaching of geography.
After becoming popular among the public, this kind of teaching aid remained the primary use of jigsaw puzzles until about 1820.[ History of Jigsaw Puzzles The American Jigsaw Puzzle Society]
The largest puzzle (40,320 pieces) is made by a German game company Ravensburger.
The puzzles that were first documented are Riddle. In Europe, Greek mythology produced riddles like the riddle of the Sphinx. Many riddles were produced during the Middle Ages, as well.
By the early 20th century, magazines and newspapers found that they could increase their readership by publishing , beginning with crosswords and in modern days sudoku.
Organizations and events
There are organizations and events that cater to puzzle enthusiasts, such as:
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Nob Yoshigahara Puzzle Design Competition
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World Puzzle Championship
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National Puzzlers' League
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National Puzzle Day
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such as the Maze of Games
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World Cube Association
See also
Further reading
External links
